Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) is a term used in negotiation theory to describe a party's course of action if a negotiation fails to produce an agreement. In other words, BATNA is the next best option available to a party if a negotiation does not result in a satisfactory outcome.

BATNA is important in negotiations because it provides a standard against which the proposed agreement can be evaluated. If the proposed agreement is better than a party's BATNA, it may be in that party's interest to accept it. If the proposed agreement is worse than a party's BATNA, then it may be in that party's interest to reject the agreement and pursue their BATNA instead.

A strong BATNA is considered an important negotiation skill, as it gives a party more leverage in negotiations and improves their chances of achieving a favorable outcome. Therefore, it is recommended that parties identify and evaluate their BATNAs before entering into a negotiation.

A Bill of Materials (BOM) is a comprehensive list of all the components, raw materials, sub-assemblies, and parts needed to manufacture a finished product. It is an essential document used in manufacturing and production planning, outlining the quantities required to produce a single product unit.

The BOM includes detailed information about each item, including part numbers, descriptions, quantities, and unit costs. It also includes information on how the components are assembled, including the order of assembly and any special instructions or processes that are required.

BOMs help manufacturers plan and manage inventory, purchase materials, and schedule production activities. They also serve as a reference for quality control, allowing manufacturers to verify that all components are present and accounted for before assembly and to ensure that finished products meet their design specifications.

BOMs can be used for many products, from simple assemblies to complex products with thousands of components. They are an essential tool for manufacturers and are used in various industries, including automotive, electronics, aerospace, and consumer goods.

Greenhouse gas monitoring, sometimes described as Scope 1, Scope 2 or Scope 3, refers to the practice of tracking and measuring the emissions of greenhouse gases that are generated by a company's operations, including its supply chain, production processes, and transportation. This involves gathering data on the consumption of energy and raw materials, as well as emissions generated during production and transportation activities. The purpose of greenhouse gas monitoring as a business is to identify areas of high emissions and develop strategies to reduce them, with the ultimate goal of mitigating the impact of climate change. This practice is becoming increasingly important for businesses as governments and consumers demand greater accountability and action on climate change.

The emissions are split into 3 ‘scopes’:

Scope 1 – Are direct greenhouse gas emissions from company-owned or controlled sources, such as emissions from combustion in boilers or vehicles.

Scope 2 – Are indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, heat, or steam consumed by the organization.

Scope 3 - Are indirect emissions from activities outside of the organization's control, such as emissions from the production of purchased materials, employee commuting, or waste disposal.